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Between agriculture and delight: villas, gardens and agricultural landscape in northern Italy

Abstract
The villa-garden as core of agricultural enterprise spreads in the North of Italy particularly since the second half of the XVII century. Throughout the eighteenth century, there was the flowering of large stately villas that, in addition to villas of delight, are configured as "centers of capitalist investment in the land economy and as centers for reorganization of the agricultural landscape in large rural estates" (Sereni 1961, p.289). Thus, some of the Royal House's Residences in Piemonte also affect the structure of the surrounding land where the gardens and parks became the core of the land shape to improve the agricultural income and hence to promote a modern agricultural management of the estates. Both the Venaria Reale palace, with an agricultural texture of the areas outside the gardens, designed by Juvarra between 1725 and 1730, and the Racconigi Castle, where the new landscape layout designed by Kürten (1820-1832) became the headquarters of the royal farms respectively in the adjacent royal estates of La Mandria (from 1860) and Migliabruna (from 1835). In Lombardy a very particular case is that of the Royal Villa and the park of Monza where, with the project of Canonica in 1808, the agricultural character of Brianza affected the park that was thus surrounded by arable land, vineyards, orchards, mulberry trees, as well as large portions of woodland, used as a hunting reserve (De Giacomi, 1989). The park was laid-out as a self-sufficient farm, while the productive issues affected the architecture of the garden, where optical cones and perspective views were directed to the discovery of the agricultural landscape. The garden and the park also shaped the surrounding agricultural landscape. Many other case studies in northern Italy attest, with different degrees of permanence, the inseparable link between villa, garden and agricultural landscape.
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