Copyright (c) 2013 University of Massachusetts - Amherst All rights reserved. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/umigh_outreach Recent documents in UMass Institute for Global Health Community Education and Outreach en-us Fri, 22 Mar 2013 12:05:13 PDT 3600 http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/12 http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/12 Mon, 17 Sep 2012 10:38:38 PDT Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in women worldwide, but global disparities in breast cancer control persist, due to a lack of a comprehensive breast cancer control strategy in many countries. Objectives: To identify and compare the need for breast cancer control strategies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa and to develop a common framework to guide the development of national breast cancer control strategies. Methods: Data were derived from open-ended, semi-structured interviews conducted in 2007 with 221 clinicians, policy makers, and patient advocates; stratified across Asia (n = 97), Latin America (n = 46), the Middle East/North Africa (ME/NA) (n = 39) and Australia and Canada (n = 39). Respondents were identified using purposive and snowballing sampling. Interpretation of the data utilized interpretive phenomenological analysis where transcripts and field notes were coded and analyzed and common themes were identified. Analysis of regional variation was conducted based on the frequency of discussion and the writing of the manuscript followed the RATS guidelines. Results: Analysis revealed four major themes that form the foundation for developing national breast cancer control strategies: 1) building capacity; 2) developing evidence; 3) removing barriers; and 4) promoting advocacy - each specified across five sub-ordinate dimensions. The propensity to discuss most dimensions was similar across regions, but managing advocacy was discussed more frequently (p = 0.004) and organized advocacy was discussed less frequently (p < 0.001) in Australia and Canada. Conclusions: This unique research identified common themes for the development of breast cancer control strategies, grounded in the experience of local practitioners, policy makers and advocacy leaders across diverse regions. Future research should be aimed at gathering a wider array of experiences, including those of patients.

]]> John FP. Bridges et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/8 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/8 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:52:39 PST The role of the antioxidant response system in association with the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway for cold adaptation was investigated in three cool-season turfgrasses during a cold acclimation period. As phenolic biosynthesis and antioxidant stimulation is proposed to be linked to the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway, this study was aimed to determine the active role of proline in metabolic regulation and its relationship with the cold stress tolerance mechanism of cool-season turfgrasses. In this study, significant accumulation of total soluble phenolics and higher total antioxidant activity was observed in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during cold acclimation, confirming the direct and indirect role of phenolics to counter low temperature-induced oxidative stress. A positive correlation between high phenolic content and the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway was also found in investigated turfgrass species during a cold acclimation period. Low succinate dehydrogenase activity along with the high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cold-acclimated turfgrass species suggested a probable shift of carbon flux from the energy-consuming tricarboxylic cycle to the alternative energy-efficient proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway to induce a better cold stress tolerance mechanism in these cool-season turfgrasses. Higher proline accumulation in cold-acclimated turfgrass species also supported the above findings and a probable proline oxidation to support mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was observed in acclimated kentucky bluegrass based on the activity of proline dehydrogenase, which likely supports the active metabolic role of proline in stress-induced situations. Through this study, a significant variation in cold stress tolerance mechanisms was observed among three investigated cool-season turfgrass species during cold acclimation. Furthermore, a high cold stress tolerance characteristic was observed in kentucky bluegrass by adapting a more efficient pathway for an antioxidant response linked to proline accumulation.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/7 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/7 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:51:40 PST The postharvest preservation of apples indicated that well-preserved varieties of apples had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity initially, and the activity declined during later storage as apples deteriorated. The increased SOD activity linked to better preservation correlated with higher phenolic content and free-radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity. Well-preserved varieties were able to maintain a more stable pentose phosphate pathway (measured by the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) throughout the storage period. Proline content increased with proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the initial storage period, indicating proline catabolism supporting potential adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. During later storage, succinate dehydrogenase activity increased, while PDH activity declined indicating a shift to tricarboxylic acid cycle and likely nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) generation for ATP synthesis. This shift, coupled with the declining SOD activity, coincides with rapid deterioration. The guaiacol peroxidase activity generally declined in late stages, indicating postharvest deterioration.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/6 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/6 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:50:02 PST The health-relevant functionality of 10 thermally processed Peruvian Andean grains (five cereals, three pseudocereals, and two legumes) was evaluated for potential type 2 diabetes-relevant antihyperglycemia and antihypertension activity using in vitro enzyme assays. Inhibition of enzymes relevant for managing early stages of type 2 diabetes such as hyperglycemia-relevant alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase and hypertension-relevant angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were assayed along with the total phenolic content, phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activity based on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. Purple corn (Zea mays L.) (cereal) exhibited high free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity (77%) and had the highest total phenolic content (8 +/- 1 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of sample weight) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (51% at 5 mg of sample weight). The major phenolic compound in this cereal was protocatechuic acid (287 +/- 15 microg/g of sample weight). Pseudocereals such as Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and Kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) were rich in quercetin derivatives (1,131 +/- 56 and 943 +/- 35 microg [expressed as quercetin aglycone]/g of sample weight, respectively) and had the highest antioxidant activity (86% and 75%, respectively). Andean legumes (Lupinus mutabilis cultivars SLP-1 and H-6) inhibited significantly the hypertension-relevant ACE (52% at 5 mg of sample weight). No alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was found in any of the evaluated Andean grains. This in vitro study indicates the potential of combination of Andean whole grain cereals, pseudocereals, and legumes to develop effective dietary strategies for managing type 2 diabetes and associated hypertension and provides the rationale for animal and clinical studies.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/5 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/5 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:48:43 PST Tissue culture-generated shoot-based clonal lines of oregano that have a short and long life span during in vitro culture were investigated to determine the role of proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway in modulating phenolic response following ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This novel reductant cycling pathway for energy and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is more efficient in long life span O-17 clonal line in response to UV and this supported antioxidant response. UV treatment stimulated rosmarinic acid and associated antioxidant enzyme response in O-17 clonal line compared with short life span O-3 clonal line. Additionally, O-17 clonal line had higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and guaicol peroxidase activity in response to UV exposure compared with O-3 clonal line, indicating stimulation of anabolic pathway supporting PPP during UV treatment. The stimulation of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in O-17 clonal line in response to UV indicated a switch to PDH-linked energy pathway via proline oxidation.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/3 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/3 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:46:37 PST An increasing number of studies indicate that regular intake of fruits and vegetables have clear links to reduced risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effects in many cases have been attributed to the phenolic and antioxidant content of the fruits and vegetables. Apples are a major source of fiber and contain good dietary phenolics with antioxidant function. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that intake of apples reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Our studies indicate that this reduced risk is potentially because of the modulation of postprandial glucose increase by phenolics present in apples via inhibition ofα-glucosidase. Phenolic content was evaluated during 3 months of postharvest storage of four varieties of apples and results indicated positive linkage to enhanced postharvest preservation andα-glucosidase inhibition. These in vitro results along with existing epidemiological studies provide strong biochemical rationale for further animal or human clinical studies.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/2 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/2 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:45:45 PST The effect of antioxidant stimulators on low phenolic and high phenolic single seed originating creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] clonal lines were investigated to understand whether these natural compounds could improve the physiological adjustments of creeping bentgrass under low temperature exposure. A marine peptide hydrolysate, and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) derived from marine chitin were applied to creeping bentgrass foliage and then subjected to cold temperature (4°C, day/night temperature) for 3 wk. Significant stimulation of total phenolic content (8%-CB 27 to 75%-CB 15) and antioxidant enzyme response (16%-CB 27 to 44% CB 13) was observed in creeping bentgrass clonal lines following application of marine peptide + COS. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (13–50%), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity (58–99%) increased significantly after treatments in all creeping bentgrass clonal lines, and stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activity was more profound in low phenolic creeping bentgrass clonal lines. Higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and higher proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was also observed in these lines following application of marine peptide + COS. Stimulation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and a probable proline oxidation in creeping bentgrass clonal lines after foliar application of marine peptide ± COS suggest a role for the enzymes in the improvement of these lines.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/1 http://works.bepress.com/kalidas_shetty/1 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 08:44:49 PST The effect of thermal treatment on phenolic compounds and type 2 diabetes functionality linked to α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition and hypertension relevant angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition were investigated in selected bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars from Peru and Brazil using in vitro models. Thermal processing by autoclaving decreased the total phenolic content in all cultivars, whereas the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity-linked antioxidant activity increased among Peruvian cultivars. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were reduced significantly after heat treatment (73–94% and 8–52%, respectively), whereas ACE inhibitory activity was enhanced (9–15%). Specific phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and caffeic acid increased moderately following thermal treatment (2–16% and 5–35%, respectively). No correlation was found between phenolic contents and functionality associated to antidiabetes and antihypertension potential, indicating that nonphenolic compounds may be involved. Thermally processed bean cultivars are interesting sources of phenolic acids linked to high antioxidant activity and show potential for hypertension prevention.

]]> Kalidas Shetty et al. http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/5 http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/5 Mon, 09 May 2011 08:07:08 PDT David Buchanan Presentations http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/3 http://works.bepress.com/david_buchanan/3 Mon, 09 May 2011 08:07:05 PDT David Buchanan Presentations