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Publication Semantic Mediations Between Wolof and French in Two Novels of Aminata Sow Fall(1992) Niang, SadaWithin the Sengalese literary context, Aminata Sow Fall's legacies are ambiguous. On the one hand, as was the case for all the writers of her generation, Senghor's French-determined modes of language use remained the only recognized and acclaimed model readily available to her. On the other hand, even though shunned by the local establishment, the ideology and modes of linguistic contextualization of an Ousmane Sembene were always in the background. The clash between these two creative and political poles never surfaced in literary terms. But one has a vivid memory of the vigorous, sometimes vitriolic debate that ensued the banning of Sembene's Ceddo on grounds that it contravened the presidential decree on the spelling of local Senegalese languages. Whether at some point in her career as a teacher or a cultural worker, Aminata Sow Fall was torn between these two pillars of Senegalese literature in French, may never be ascertained. Ideologically as well as stylistically, however, her practice stands as a direct and uneven bridge between these two literary antagonists.Publication Critical Approaches to Aminata Sow Fall's Novels(1992) Gadjigo, SambaHowever limited in scope it may be, this brief, collective work on Aminata Sow Fall's literary creation represents for us a milestone in African Studies here in the Pioneer Valley. In a broader sense, it affords a modest contribution to the criticism and canonization of francophone African literature in general and of that produced by women in particular.Publication Aminata Sow Fall's "Demon" Women: An Anti-Feminist Social Vision(1992) Ellington, AthleenAminata Sow Fall, one of the earliest women writers from Senegal, has been acknowledged as an analyst of contemporary social mores, exposing aspects of moderm African society where social, political and economic changes have resulted in the debasement of public and private customs and behavior. There has been a curious silence, however, from feminist critics, who have largely side-stepped her work, which now numbers four novels: Le Revenant (1976), La Greve des Battu (The Beggars' Strike) (1979), L'Appel des Arenes (1982) and L'Ex-Pere de la Nation (1987).Publication Lifting "The Veil": Henry O. Tanner's The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor(1992) Wilson, JudithHenry O. Tanner's 1893 painting, The Banjo Lesson, marks a turning point in African American art history. It was Tanner's first masterpiece, the first work in which he demonstrated his control of a range of technical skills unmatched by any previous Black artist. For with Tanner we have the first Afro-American suited for greatness in the visual arts not only by talent and by temperament, but also by training. Indeed his study with the eminent American realist, Thomas Eakins, at the period's leading art school, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, provided him with the most advanced art education then available in the U.S. And subsequently, when a nine-year struggle to survive as an artist in his native land was ended by a generous pair of patrons who enabled him to go abroad, Tanner gained access to Europe's cultural resources an experience then considered indispensable, the final step in an American artist's training. Thus, Tanner probably was the first U.S. Black fully equipped to succeed as a painter in the western tradition.Publication Ever Feeling One's Twoness: "Double Ideals" and "Double Consciousness" in the Souls of Black Folk(1992) Allen, ErnestIn his The Souls of Black Folk published at the turn of the century, W. E. B. Du Bois posited the existence of a duality within Afro-American life.Publication Conceptions and Ideologies of the Negro Problem(1992) Bunche, Ralph J.Knowledge of Ralph Bunche's Pioneering work on African American conceptions of the world has been largely confined to specialists in political science and history. Writing in 1940, Bunche and his staff prepared four, detailed memoranda on black American organizations and ideologies for the monumental Carnegie-Myrdal study, An American Dilemma. True to design, this larger work succeeded in framing discussions on "race relations" within and without academia for the subsequent two decades. (And is still occasionally employed today as a primary text by professors who have read little else since that time!)Publication Cross-Cultural Explorations of Du Boisian Double-Consciousness: Jean Rhys and Jean Toomer(1992) Estes-Hicks, OnitaW. E. B. Du Bois' famous reflections on the "peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others," has almost universally been considered applicable to a plight peculiar to the souls of black people. (Du Bois,1903) Initially constructed in the 1880's when psychology was yet in its infancy in America, this legendary contribution of Du Bois has become known to most readers by an essay appearing in the classic The Souls of Black Folk published in 1903. Du Bois' description of double-consciousness implied that such duality of vision was constant ("always looking at oneself") and shaped by the imperatives of color, a black self forever imprisoned in the negative projections of the white other.Publication Racial Identity and Political Vision in the Black Press of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1930-1947(1992) Mitchell, MichaelAs the decade of the 1980s drew to a close Brazilians celebrated two centennials which bore a close chronological proximity to one another. In 1988 Brazilians commemorated the one hundredth anniversary of the abolition of slavery; the following year they observed a century's passage since the founding of Brazil's first republic.Publication The Hidden Cost of Industrialization: Reflections on the Emergence and Reproduction of the African Industrial Working Class in Southern Africa(1992) Higginson, JohnThis paper amounts to a series of discursive reflections on why industrial capitalism has assumed the shape that it did in southern Africa- and in South Africa particularly-during the two generations before the commencement of struggles for political independence in Africa. It is far from the last word on the subject. However, it tries to draw attention to an historiographical problem which has remained undeservedly submerged in recent works: the relationship between the labor process-what Marx often referred to as the "hidden abode" of industrial capitalism-and the social reproduction of the industrial workforce.Publication Back Matter(1992)Publication Language and Geography: The Postcolonial Critic(1992) Katrak, Ketu H.The map of the world has been crucially re-drawn by colonial history. In postcolonial literary studies today, the question of language relates in significant ways to a critic's geographical location. Issues of identity and belonging, crucially tied to choice and use of language, assume new configurations in the light of one's geographical locale. Where the postcolonial writer and critic live and work influences their uses of language on emotive, intellectual, and psychological levels. Words are not forged only within "the smithy of (one's) soul"; they carry echoes reverberating from our geographical locations. There are indeed many reasons for these confluences, at times happy, at othertimes painful, of language and geography, of speech and space for both postcolonial writer and critic today. Recent "flag independences" in several African countries, India, the Caribbean, continuing neo-colonial trends in most of these societies; more recently, migrations of postcolonial peoples living as expatriates and exiles in various parts of the western world, are all a part of significant and often conflictual predicaments of identity, language and belonging.Publication Walter White and the British: A Lost Oppurtunity(1992) Sherwood, MarikaIn his article, Walter White and the American Negro Soldier in World War II,Thomas Hachey concluded that there was "no real way to determine the measure of influence, if any, that Walter White had upon the plight of colored peoples in other lands during the Second World War." While I would agree with this statement, black American soldiers were not the only "colored people" involved in WWII: as White himself wrote,"WWII has given the Negro a sense of kinship with other colored peoples of the world; he senses that the struggle of the Negro in the U.S. is part and parcel of the struggle against imperialism and exploitation in India, China, Burma, Africa, the Philippines Malaya, the West Indies and South America.Y Yet, when we examine White's correspondence with the British government regarding British racism and his visit to the U.K. in 1944, his sense of kinship with the plight of other blacks appears to be as nonexistent as was his inability or unwillingness to use the power and influence of the NAACP on their behalf. These episodes also demonstrate the duplicity, mendacity, and racism of the British as well as the ease with which they handled the NAACP's Secretary, who turned out to be a paper tiger, despite British apprehensions.Publication Lucy Terry Prince: "Singer of History"(1992) Proper, David R.Much in the achievements of Jupiter Hammon of Long Island and Lucy Terry Prince of Massachusetts and Vermont offers food for comparison. The pioneer black poet and poetess share race and literary priority as well as social status as chattel property in 18th century America. Hammon has already received a measure of recognition as the first published Afro-American poet, with his broadside An Evening Thought; Salvation by Christ With Penetential Cries, in 1761. Hammon's fame, nevertheless, rests on but seven poems and four prose pieces discovered eighty-seven years ago. Lucy Terry Prince, on the other hand, is credited with but a single poem, composed fourteen years before Hammon and published 141 years ago, although not until recently recognized as the first poetry by any black American. Both Hammon and Prince, however, have been overshadowed by Phillis Wheatley whose precocity attracted attention in her own time and won for her contemporary literary recognition here and abroad. There are, it seems, some differences of opinion even among scholars about where the study of black written poetry begins.Publication Hard Times in an African Eden: Aminata Sow Fall's L'Appel des Arenes(1992) Henderson, HeatherLike Charles Dickens' Hard Times, L' appel des arenes depicts a modern wasteland: just as factories and industrial cities blight the landscape of the English midlands in Dickens' novel, so Aminata Sow Fall depicts a land laid waste by "the winds of the West" (88). The harmattan blows throughout the book: the countryside is ravaged by drought and villages are emptied by the exodus of young people to the cities. In both novels, traditional agrarian ways of life are devastated by the arrival of technology and foreign values. Personal relationships, particularly the close kinship network of family ard community, are shattered by the alienating, isolating tendencies of the modern world.Publication Middle Matter(1992)Publication A Sociological Interpretation of Aminata Sow Fall's The Beggars Strike(1992) Beeman, MarkAminata Sow Fall's Novel, The Beggars' Strike, is an account of a fictional strike in a West African Society. In this story state bureaucrats, who think beggars discourage tourism from the West, decide to rid the city of begging. The policy is implemented through police tactics of harassment, physical abuse, and imprisonment of beggars. This unbearable situation prompts the beggars to organize a strike in which they refuse to return to the city streets to receive donations. The novel portrays the beggars as an integral part of the society's social structure, and their removal creates profound disruptions in people's everyday lives. Fall's novel constructs a paradigmatic framework to help the reader understand how begging fits into West African society. This view is particularly informative for Western readers who may believe that begging is marginal or dysfunctional. In this paper I outline the two major macrosociological views of society: conflict theory and structural functionalism. I argue that Aminata Sow Fall presents the institution of begging from a point of view consistent with the structural-functionalist sociological approach.Publication Epistemic and Deontic Modalities in Aminata Sow Fall's L'Ex-Pere de la Nation(1992) Onyeoriri, Gloria NneAccording to John Lyons' account of modality (the general principles of which we will outline in the first part of this essay), "the sincerity conditions that are asserted or questioned in the performance of indirect illocutionary acts all have to do with the knowledge, beliefs, will and abilities of the participants; and these ... are the factors which are involved in epistemic and deontic modality" (Lyons 1977, 786). For example, in English, as well as in French, thereare fixed idioms such as "Will you ..., "Can you ...," "Is it possible for you to ...," "I'd like you to ...," that accompany orders or wishes. This can be explained by the intuitive link between, on the one hand, notions of necessity and obligation that are relevant to the semantic analysis of sentences that contain the verbal auxiliary "should" and, on the other hand, notions of possibility and of permission relevant to the semantic analysis of sentences containing the auxiliary "may" (Lyons 1977,791). We can say, following Lyons (1977, 787), that the epistemic and deontic modalities are two forms of "traditional modal logic" (that is to say of necessity and possibility). When analyzing epistemic modality for example, we must remember the needs, the expectations and the hopes of the speaker as well as the process of deduction itself (see Lyons 1977, 792).Publication Afro-American Women: A Brief Guide to Writings from Historical and Feminist Perspectives(1986) Bracey, John H.Afro-American women historians have paid little heed to the issues raised by Black feminists, and Black feminists have paid little if any attention to the historical literature being produced specifically about Black women. The basic assumption of most of the work produced by historians of Afro-American women is that there is a large body of unexplored accomplishment that merely awaits those with the interest and resources to dig it out and write it up. They view Black women as being oppressed by a number of social forces such as racism and sexism. They do not see Black women as mere victims, or as being defeated by these forces. They assume that since Black people have not only survived but have contributed much to the world in which we live, Black women must have played a large role in those processes. Historians of Black women generally emphasize racial as opposed to sexual oppression, study Black women within the general context of the history of Black Americans, and pay little attention to matters of sexual preference or to the personal and private behavior of those they are studying. Black feminists, on the other hand, seem to come to the study of Black women with the concerns of the White feminist movement, most of whose participants share the racist attitudes of White males. Black feminists tend to emphasize issues of sexual preference and personal, private behavior, and give a much greater weight to the role of sexual oppression by Black males in determining the life chances of Black females. They assume, in many cases, that Black women were oppressed in much the same way as White women--i.e., were denied political and economic roles of significance. Black feminists, therefore, are very weak on the actual achievements of Black women throughout their history in the United States. They have a tendency to ignore the communal roots and context that enabled such figures as Bessie Smith and Zora Neal Hurston, for example, to accomplish what they did.Publication Front Matter(1992)Publication Earl Lovelace: A Bibliography(1986) Thompson-Cager, CheziaEarl Lovelace was born in Toco and currently lives and writes in Port-ofSpain, Trinidad. His four novels, collections of plays, numerous short-stories, and journal and newspaper writings have been published in England and America, and translated into French, German. and Swedish. Mr. Lovelace is a past Guggenheim recipient who holds a Master of Arts from the Department of English at The Johns Hopkins University. He currently teaches the Creative Writing Workshop and lectures in the English Department at the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine.