DAF-2, homolog of mammalian insulin receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI3K, phospho-inositide 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 3,4 phosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 phosphate; AKT, protein kinase B; DAF-16, homolog of mammalian Forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO). Copyright Yeonhwa Park, orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-0899