ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst
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Graduate students filing for February 2025 degrees: We are now accepting submissions directly to ScholarWorks. Directions for submissions can be found in this guide. Please email scholarworks@library.umass.edu if you have any questions.
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Recent Submissions
Publication Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of registered dietitians and nutritionists regarding enteral and parenteral nutrition support in Ghana: a needs assessment study(2023)Background: There is a paucity of data on enteral and parenteral (EN and PN) nutrition support (NS) provided by nutrition and dietetic practitioners in adult acute care settings in Ghana. Furthermore, gray literature suggests that Ghanaian clinical nutrition professionals (CNPs) are seldom involved in advanced nutrition care teams. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Ghanaian CNPs regarding EN and PN. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was administered to Ghanaian CNPs ahead of a professional development workshop on EN and PN Support. Participants were asked questions about initiation and timing of NS, and knowledge on availability of commercial formula. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess self-efficacy in using EN and PN. To assess practical knowledge on EN and PN, participants were asked to identify whether EN or PN was indicated for seven short case scenarios. Open-ended questions were used to assess reasons for participant self-ratings. Results: A total of 76 dietitians, nutritionists, students, and interns completed the survey. For EN, self-efficacy scores were lowest for the calculation of enteral goal rate, and goal volume (mean 3.20 ± 1.27), and writing of EN prescriptions (mean 3.07 ± 1.29). Self-efficacy scores for the formulation of alternative formulas in lieu of commercial formula were the highest (3.63 ± 1.36). For PN, self-efficacy scores for all domains were lower than 3, with the lowest scores observed for writing PN prescriptions (2.19 ± 1.14) and determining micronutrient additives (2.12 ± 1.04). We identified limited training and lack of practical exposure to NS, limited ability to effectively monitor tube feeds, and prohibitive cost and limited availability of EN and PN formula among the barriers impacting self-efficacy scores. Conclusion: Given the vital role that CNPs play in the delivery of EN and PN, it is important to develop professional training programs especially focused on PN to bridge knowledge and practice gaps.Publication Advancing sustainability with blockchain-based incentives and institutions(2022)Despite significant efforts over many decades, humanity faces daunting challenges in the governance, management and sustainability of natural resources. Perhaps the most obvious is our global inability to collectively act and control or reduce greenhouse gases that are warming the planet. Another example, occurring at finer geographic scales, is the overuse of groundwater aquifers. Institutions—defined in Political Science and Economics as formal and informal rules that guide and incentivize socio-economic activities—are humanity’s general approach toward addressing these and other environmental challenges. Institutional arrangements typically specify whom they apply to, under what circumstances, and what penalty the breaking of the rule involves. Effective institutional design requires the ability to properly incentivize human behavior in the context of socio-economic systems, and establish systems to monitor behavior and sanction when rules are broken. From time to time, technological advances come along that complement institutional designs and improve our ability to incentivize and monitor behavior. We believe that the invention of Blockchain or Distributed Ledger technology—increasingly touted as the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution–could provide new ways to incentivize behavior of resource users, establish innovative monitoring capacity, and help to avoid corrupt governmental behavior. In this Perspective article, we summarize Proof-of-Stake Blockchain technology and provide two examples—deforestation and groundwater management—to describe how this new revolution could provide new solutions for the sustainable management of natural resources at local to global scales.Publication Hair Microbiome Diversity within and across Primate Species(2022)Primate hair and skin are substrates upon which social interactions occur and are host-pathogen interfaces. While human hair and skin microbiomes display body site specificity and immunological significance, little is known about the nonhuman primate (NHP) hair microbiome. Here, we collected hair samples (n = 158) from 8 body sites across 12 NHP species housed at three zoological institutions in the United States to examine the following: (1) the diversity and composition of the primate hair microbiome and (2) the factors predicting primate hair microbiome diversity and composition. If both environmental and evolutionary factors shape the microbiome, then we expect significant differences in microbiome diversity across host body sites, sexes, institutions, and species. We found our samples contained high abundances of gut-, respiratory-, and environment-associated microbiota. In addition, multiple factors predicted microbiome diversity and composition, although host species identity outweighed sex, body site, and institution as the strongest predictor. Our results suggest that hair microbial communities are affected by both evolutionary and environmental factors and are relatively similar across nonhuman primate body sites, which differs from the human condition. These findings have important implications for understanding the biology and conservation of wild and captive primates and the uniqueness of the human microbiome.Publication Bio-Mechanical Model of Osteosarcoma Tumor Microenvironment: A Porous Media Approach(2022)Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents with a poor prognosis. To describe the progression of osteosarcoma, we expanded a system of data-driven ODE from a previous study into a system of Reaction-Diffusion-Advection (RDA) equations and coupled it with Biot equations of poroelasticity to form a bio-mechanical model. The RDA system includes the spatio-temporal information of the key components of the tumor microenvironment. The Biot equations are comprised of an equation for the solid phase, which governs the movement of the solid tumor, and an equation for the fluid phase, which relates to the motion of cells. The model predicts the total number of cells and cytokines of the tumor microenvironment and simulates the tumor’s size growth. We simulated different scenarios using this model to investigate the impact of several biomedical settings on tumors’ growth. The results indicate the importance of macrophages in tumors’ growth. Particularly, we have observed a high co-localization of macrophages and cancer cells, and the concentration of tumor cells increases as the number of macrophages increases.
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