Journal Issue: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils: Volume 11, Issue 1
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Modeling Zinc And Sodium Chloride Migration In Vadose Zone Soils Beneath Stormwater Infiltration Devices
Mikula, J.B.; Clark, S.E.; Baker, K.H.
Urbanization has been responsible for an increase in the amount of impervious surfaces, leading to an increase in stormwater runoff and a decrease in groundwater recharge. Stormwater runoff contains pollutants, such as nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals, solids, organic compounds, pesticides, and chlorides, which have greatly contributed to the degradation of receiving waters due to surface discharge of stormwater. This has prompted stormwater managers to consider implementing more infiltration practices into their designs. However, past studies have shown that infiltrating stormwater could contaminate the groundwater, and in some cases, contamination actually has occurred. Therefore, methods for easily predicting contamination potential need to be developed. Stormwater pollutants interact with the soils in the unsaturated zone as they migrate towards the groundwater. The specific type of soil and its properties have a profound effect on the movement of water and pollutants. For this research, zinc and sodium chloride were chosen as the pollutants of interest because of their stormwater prevalence, solubility, and differing migration rates. Through the use of the SESOIL model, factors such as pollutant concentration, rainfall, vadose zone thickness, intrinsic permeability, organic content, and soil pH were evaluated to determine which ones likely have the greatest influence on pollutant migration. A factorial analysis (26 full factorial) was used to evaluate the effects of these factors on the maximum penetration depth of zinc and sodium chloride. High and low values for the factors were selected from the literature and the NRCS soils database. The pollutants were treated as separate ions (Zn+2, Na+, Cl-), and the length of each simulation was set at 1 year. Results indicated that rainfall was a common factor controlling Zn+2, Na+, and Cl- migration. Concentration was also influential in Zn+2 migration, while intrinsic permeability affected Na+ and Cl-.
Fish – Useful Bio-Indicators For Evaluation Of Contamination In Water Ecosystems
Sucman, Emanuel; Vávrová, Milada; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena; Mahrová, Miroslava
Fish is one of the animal species used as an environmental bio-indicator. Fish were taken during the years 2002 – 2004 from the water reservoirs Smradavka and Korycany located in the South-east part of the Czech Republic. Seven fish species were monitored. Fish tissues were analyzed for both heavy metals and PCBs indicator congeners. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for heavy metals determination, high resolution gas chromatography was used for PCBs determination. The levels of particular trace elements ranged as follows (μg /kg fresh tissue): As 21.6–48.0, Cu 126–612, Ni 45–125, Pb 12.4–28.7 and Zn 3700–12500. Concentrations of cadmium were below the limit of determination (0.2 μg /kg) in all samples. The highest values (in μg /kg fresh tissue) were found for the PCB 153 congener in bream, eel and pike 12.5-22.5. The lowest concentration in all fish species was found for the PCB 52 congener 0.12-1.30. The sum of PCB indicator congeners ranged from 9.10 - roach to 53.9 - bream. All data are. The overall level of contamination in fish is low and the current limit for residues that is valid in the Czech Republic was not exceeded in any case.
Achievement Of A Beneficial Reuse Designation For A Specialized High Volume Byproduct
Coleman, R. Marie; Teaf, Christopher M.; Cavey, Vickie P.; Covert, Douglas J.; Hughes, Susan N.; Marcus, Michael; McClure, Matt
The State of Florida encourages the recycling and reuse of a variety of materials, assuming that it can be accomplished in a manner that protects public health and the environment. A detailed technical and field evaluation was conducted on behalf of and in cooperation with a major municipal utility, to investigate the reuse potential of large volume byproducts from an electrical generating station which employs circulating fluidized bed (CFB) technology for combustion of coal and petcoke as fuel. In cooperation with FDEP, a 18 month field demonstration was conducted to assess stability, leachability, and runoff from one of the CFB byproducts (“EZBase™”). Pads (12 by 50 feet) were constructed of the compacted EZBase™ as well as of materials for which EZBase™ could be substituted (asphalt, limerock, concrete) and were designed to simulate proposed reuse scenarios. Shallow groundwater monitoring wells were installed immediately adjacent to the pads and were monitored monthly for a variety of constituents, in conjunction with surface water runoff samples collected during rainfall events, and soil samples adjacent to all of the pads.. Vanadium emerged as a substance of interest in both surface runoff and in soil, but vanadium was not detected in nearby groundwater wells. The groundwater, soil and storm water runoff data clearly demonstrated that the EZBase™ does not pose hazards to the environment, and demonstrated that the environmental fate of analytes in the byproduct is very similar to the other commonly used products in similar applications. A variety of potential risk-based reuse scenarios were proposed to the state environmental regulatory agency on the basis of human health and ecological considerations, including soil stabilization in environmental remediation applications, road bed and road surface projects, commercial/industrial site paving projects, and road right-of-way application. Toxicological, risk and engineering questions were satisfactorily addressed and approvals were granted for reuse of EZBase™ on a broad scale.
Influence Of Aging In Soil On The Dermal Penetration Of Hexavalent And Trivalent Chromium
Skowronski, Gloria A.; Turkall, Rita M.; Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed S.
Sensitive individuals may develop allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from exposure to chromium contaminated soil. However, health risk assessments often do not consider the amount of metal in soil that is absorbed by the body (bioavailability). Instead, they rely on the total concentration of metal that can be extracted from soil by rigorous procedures. This practice can overestimate health risks and soil remediation goals because metals can be sequestered in soil with time (“aging”) thereby decreasing bioavailability. In this study, the effects of aging in soil on the dermal penetration of trivalent chromium as chromium chloride or hexavalent chromium as sodium chromate were evaluated in two soils – Atsion and Keyport. Dermal penetration was measured in vitro through dermatomed pig skin by Teflon flow-through diffusion cell methodology. After four months in soil, the dermal penetration of both species was decreased by 93 - 96% relative to pure chromium (without soil). While an aging effect was prominent for Cr (III) in the Atsion soil, surface adsorption was important in the Keyport soil. The dermal penetration of Cr (VI) was similar in both soils after aging. The data suggest that soil cleanup levels for chromium based on the ACD health endpoint will be dependent on soil type and time in soil.