Technological advances and industrialization that moved production from cottage activities to large factories and business enterprises, the advent of reliable birth control that afforded women greater freedom from chi Idrearing , the contemporary women's movement that supported women's efforts to extend their strengths and interests beyond childrearing and the home, and more recently, economic necessity, have all contributed to the increasing number of families where both husband and wife work full-time outside the home. These changes have not been without stress for the women and men involved in a transition from roles and responsibilities traditionally circumscribed on the basis of sex, to possibilities of more nontraditional arrangements of family and work responsibilities.