Author Bios (50 Words for each Author)

Dr. Tafazal Kumail (Ph.D. Guangxi University Nanning, China) is an Assistant Professor in Tourism Economics at Guangxi University of Finance and Economics Nanning, China. In respect of research, his interests are primarily in the areas of tourism economics, tourism development, sustainable and ecotourism. He has published research articles in international journals such as Tourism Review, Environment, development, and Sustainability, Tourism Analysis. Some of his research work is under review in Anatolia and Sage Open.

Dr. Wajahat Ali (PhD. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia) is an Assistant Professor in Economics at the Department of Economics, Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar, Pakistan. His current research interests are in the areas of Microeconomics, Economic Growth and Development, Tourism Development, and Environmental and Energy Economics. He has published research articles in international Journals such as Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Elsevier), Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Springer), International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy (Scopus). Some of his research work is under review in the Journal of Carbon Management (Taylor and Francis Online), Journal of Evolutionary Economics (Springer) and Journal of Cleaner Production.

Ms. Farah Sadiq is a Doctoral Candidate in the Business School of Guangxi University Nanning, China. In respect of research, her interests are primarily in the areas of tourism management, tourism development, and ecotourism. She has published research articles in international journals such as Tourism Review. Some of her research work is under review in Anatolia, Tourism Analysis, International Journal of Tourism Cities, Environment and Development Economics.

Dr. Asad Aburumman is an Associate Professor at the University of Sharjah. He has published research articles in international journals.

Abstract (150 Words)

The current study explores the potential impact of economic growth, tourism receipt, energy consumption and trade openness on CO2 in Pakistan over the period of 1980-2017. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model to investigate the short and long-run estimates simultaneously. The study further applied Granger causality to find out the direction of causalities. To arrive at long-run robust estimates, the study employed the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) model. Last but not least, the current study also used an innovative accounting approach i.e. Variance decomposition and Impulse production function. The results found that economic growth has a significant impact on CO2 emission and negative and highly significant impact on tourism receipt while emission, energy consumption and international trade are also the main determinants of tourism in Pakistan. The study found unidirectional causality from GDP, tourism receipt, energy consumption and trade openness towards CO2 emission. The outcomes of ARDL model are also supported by the DOLS results. The innovative accounting approach further strengthens the results of the study. In a nutshell, overall results indicate that tourist receipts, CO2 emission, energy consumption, and trade openness are interlinked. The findings of the current study thus suggest that the government should encourage investment in the industry's services sector to enhance its efficiency. In addition, it will also need to ensure that the services sector contributes far more to the GDP than to the manufacturing sector. The results demonstrate investments should be diverted towards the services sector on a broader range as less-polluting services industries (tourism as one of the main sectors) are more feasible than polluting capital industries to invest in.

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Relationship between CO2 emissions, tourism receipt, energy use and international trade in Pakistan

The current study explores the potential impact of economic growth, tourism receipt, energy consumption and trade openness on CO2 in Pakistan over the period of 1980-2017. The study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model to investigate the short and long-run estimates simultaneously. The study further applied Granger causality to find out the direction of causalities. To arrive at long-run robust estimates, the study employed the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) model. Last but not least, the current study also used an innovative accounting approach i.e. Variance decomposition and Impulse production function. The results found that economic growth has a significant impact on CO2 emission and negative and highly significant impact on tourism receipt while emission, energy consumption and international trade are also the main determinants of tourism in Pakistan. The study found unidirectional causality from GDP, tourism receipt, energy consumption and trade openness towards CO2 emission. The outcomes of ARDL model are also supported by the DOLS results. The innovative accounting approach further strengthens the results of the study. In a nutshell, overall results indicate that tourist receipts, CO2 emission, energy consumption, and trade openness are interlinked. The findings of the current study thus suggest that the government should encourage investment in the industry's services sector to enhance its efficiency. In addition, it will also need to ensure that the services sector contributes far more to the GDP than to the manufacturing sector. The results demonstrate investments should be diverted towards the services sector on a broader range as less-polluting services industries (tourism as one of the main sectors) are more feasible than polluting capital industries to invest in.