Case studies on several fish passage design problems in Canada are outlined. These include development of fishways for large fish like Lake sturgeon, the use of the nature-mimicking approach to create fish migration routes and habitat suitability, special problems with modifying existing fish passage or providing fish exclusion facilities at existing structures; furthermore recently developed radiotelemetry methods for tracking fish movements and assessing fishways, and new concepts in quantifying fish swimming performance and behaviour are alluded to.